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Faculty Information

Larry I. Benowitz, Ph.D.

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Awards and Honors:
1962-1966 New York State Scholarship
1966-1967 Atlantic Richfield Fellow in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
1974-1975 NIH Postdoctoral Fellowship
1975-1976 Medical Foundation Fellowship
1976-1977 Scottish Rite Fellowship
1978-1980 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship (Neuroscience)
1980 Harvey Shein Award, McLean Hospital (First prize for a submitted paper)

Memberships in Professional Societies:
1965- Tau Beta Pi (honor society in engineering)
1972- A.A.A.S.
1973- Society for Neuroscience
1987- American Society for Neurochemistry
1991- Boston Society for Neurology and Psychiatry
Major Research Interests:
Molecular bases of neural development, regeneration and synaptic plasticity
Cognition and brain organization
Teaching Experience:
1968-1973 Lectures and laboratory demonstrations in animal behavior, physiological psychology, psychoanalytic theory of dreams, Department of Biology, California Institute of Technology.
1974- Lectures in neuroanatomy, animal behavior and learning, human neuropsychology, neurochemistry, neural development, Harvard Medical School, Harvard College, and M.I.T.
1977-1979 Organizer and participant in weekly seminars on biological bases of human behavior for Residents, McLean Hospital
1978- Supervised graduate and undergraduate student research projects
1981-1985 Participant in behavioral neurology rounds, Mass. Rehabilitation Hospital
1985 Lecturer, Neuroscience for Neurosurgeons, MBL, Woods Hole, MA
1985- Co-organizer of course on biological psychiatry for senior residents in psychiatry, McLean Hospital
1988 Human Nervous System and Behavior Course, Harvard Medical School
1990 Neurobiology and Behavior Course, McLean Hospital (Co-organizer)
1990 First invited lecturer, U. Michigan Neuroscience Retreat
1991- Organizer, Advanced Topics in Neurobiology Courses, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School. Presented half-semester courses, "Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Nerve Regeneration" (with S. Lipton) and Functional Organization of the Human Brain (with Peter McL Black) to graduate students, medical students, fellows, and physicians.
1993 Faculty advisor, Research Science Institute, MIT
1994 Faculty advisor, Four Directions Summer Research Program/Native American Health Organization
1994 Invited lecturer, University of Oklahoma Neuroscience Symposium
1996 Principal lecture, Boston Area Neuroscience Group, Annual Meeting
Editorial Assignments:
Editorial Board of Brain Research
Frequent reviewer for Journal of Neuroscience, occasional reviewer for Nature, Science, J. Neurochem., J.Comp. Neurol., others

Journal Articles:

  1. Benowitz LI (1972) Effects of forebrain ablations on avoidance learning in chicks. Physiol Behav 9: 601-608.
  2. Benowitz LI, Lee-Teng E (1973) Contrasting effects of three telencephalic ablations on discrimination learning and reversal in chicks. J Comp Physiol Psychol 84: 391-397.
  3. Benowitz LI, Magnus JG (1973) Memory formation mechanisms following an aversive training experience in chicks. Behav Biol 8: 367-380.
  4. Benowitz LI, Sperry RW (1973) Amnesic effects of lithium chloride in chicks. Exp Neurol 40: 540-546.
  5. Benowitz LI (1973) Conditions for the bilateral transfer of monocular learning in chicks. Brain Res 65: 203-213.
  6. Benowitz LI, Karten HJ (1976) The tractus infundibuli and other afferents to the parahippocampal region of the pigeon. Brain Res 102: 174-180.
  7. Benowitz LI, Karten HJ (1976) Organization of the tectofugal visual pathway in the pigeon: A retrograde transport study. J Comp Neur 167: 503-520.
  8. Benowitz LI, Shashoua VE (1977) Localization of a brain protein metabolically associated with behavioral plasticity in the goldfish. Brain Res 136: 227-242.
  9. Benowitz LI, Shashoua VE (1979) The rapid labeling and secretion of chick brain extracellular proteins. J Neurochem 32: 797-809.
  10. Benowitz LI, Greene LA (1979) Nerve growth factor in the goldfish brain: Biological assay studies using pheochromocytoma cells. Brain Res 162: 164-168.
  11. Benowitz LI, Shashoua VE (1979) Immunoreactive sites for nerve-growth factor (NGF) in the goldfish brain. Brain Res 172: 561-565.
  12. Benowitz LI, Shashoua VE, Yoon MG (1981) Specific changes in rapidly-transported proteins during regeneration of the goldfish optic nerve. J Neurosci 1: 300-307.
  13. Finklestein S, Benowitz LI, Baldessarini RJ, Arana G, Levine DN, Woo E, Bear DM, Moya KL, Stoll A (1982) Mood, vegetative disturbance, and dexamethasone suppression test after stroke. Annals of Neurology 12: 463-468.
  14. Benowitz LI, Bear DM, Rosenthal R, Mesulam M-M, Sperry RW, Zaidel E (1983) Hemispheric specialization in nonverbal communication. Cortex 19: 5-11.
  15. Benowitz LI, Lewis, E (1983) Increased transport of 44-49,000 dalton acidic proteins during regeneration of the goldfish optic nerve: A 2-dimensional gel analysis. J Neurosci 3: 2153-2163.
  16. Benowitz LI, Yoon MG, Lewis E (1983) Transported proteins in the regenerating optic nerve: Regulation by interactions with the optic tectum. Science 222: 185-188
  17. Strocchi P, Gilbert JM, Benowitz LI, Dahl D, Lewis ER (1984) The cellular origin and biosynthesis of rat optic nerve proteins: a two-dimensional gel analysis. J Neurochem 43: 349-357.
  18. Levine DN, Warach JD, Benowitz LI, Calvanio R. (1986) Left spatial neglect: Effects of lesion size and premorbid brain atrophy on severity and recovery following right cerebral infarction. Neurology 36: 362-366.
  19. Moya KL, Benowitz LI, Levine DN, Finklestein SP (1986) Covariant deficits in story comprehension and visuospatial abilities after right hemisphere stroke. Cortex 22: 381-397.
  20. oon MG, Benowitz LI, Baker F (1986) The optic tectum regulates the transport of specific proteins in regenerating optic fibers of goldfish. Brain Res 382: 339-351.
  21. Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Finklestein SP, Benowitz LI (1986) Synthesis of a growth-associated protein by embryonic rat cerebrocortical neurons in vitro. J Neurosci 6: 3721-3730.
  22. Moya KL, Benowitz LI, Jhaveri S, Schneider GE (1987) Enhanced visualization of axonally transported proteins in the immature CNS by suppression of systemic labeling. Dev Brain Res 31: 183-191.
  23. Perrone-Bizzozero N, Benowitz LI (1987) Expression of a 48 kD growth-associated protein in the goldfish retina. J Neurochem 48: 644-652.
  24. Benowitz LI, Perrone-Bizzozero N, Finklestein SP (1987) Molecular properties of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 (B-50). J Neurochem 48: 1640-1647.
  25. Benowitz LI, Schmidt JT (1987) Activity-dependent-sharpening of the regenerating retinotectal projection in goldfish: relationship to the expression of growth-associated proteins. Brain Res 417: 118-126.
  26. Finklestein SP, Benowitz LI, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Olson A, Majocha R (1987) Conditioned media from injured goldfish optic nerve promotes neurite outgrowth from mammalian CNS neurons in vitro. Brain Res 413: 267-274.
  27. Katz DL, Frankenburg F, Benowitz LI, Gilbert JM (1987) Psychosis and prenatal exposure to DES. J Nerv Mental Dis 175: 306-308.
  28. Neve RL, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Finklestein SP, Zwiers H, Bird E, Kurnit DM, Benowitz LI (1987) The neuronal growth-associated protein GAP-43 (B-50, F1): use of cDNAs to study the neuronal specificity, developmental regulation and regional distribution of human and rat mRNAs. Molec Brain Research 2: 177-183.
  29. Benowitz LI, Routtenberg A (1987) A membrane phosphoprotein associated with neural development, axonal regeneration, phospholipid metabolism, and synaptic plasticity. Trends in Neurosciences 10: 527-532.
  30. Benowitz LI, Apostolides PJ, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Finklestein SP, Zwiers H (1988) Anatomical localization of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 (B-50) in the adult rat brain. J Neurosci 8: 339-352 (includes cover photo).
  31. Neve RL, Finch EA, Bird ED, Benowitz LI (1988) The growth-associated protein GAP-43 (B-50, F1) is expressed selectively in associative regions of the adult human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 3638-3642.
  32. Finklestein SP, Apostolides PJ, Caday CG, Philips MF, Perrone-Bizzozero NI and Benowitz LI (1988) A factor from the injured lower vertebrate CNS promotes outgrowth from human fetal brain neurons. Brain Res 448: 346-350.
  33. Kosik KS, Orecchio L, Bruns G, Benowitz LI, MacDonald GP, Cox DR, Neve RL (1988) Human GAP-43: Deduced amino acid sequence and chromosonal localization in mouse and human. Neuron 1: 127-132.
  34. Kestnbaum E, Shenton ME, Holzman PS, Benowitz LI, Coleman M, Levin S, Levine D (1988) Patterns of thought disorder associated with right cortical damage, schizophrenia, and mania: A comparative study. Amer J Psychiatry 145: 944-949.
  35. Moya KL, Benowitz LI, Jhaveri S, Schneider GE (1988) Changes in rapidly-transported proteins in developing hamster retinofugal axons. J Neurosci 8: 4445-4454.
  36. Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Weiner D, Hauser G, Benowitz LI (1988) Extraction properties of major Ca++-dependent synaptic phosphoproteins. J Neurosci Res 20: 346-350.
  37. Daniels EK, Shenton ME, Holtman PS, Benowitz LI, Coleman M, Levin S, Levine D (1988) Patterns of thought disorder associated with right cortical damage, schizophrenia, and mania. Am J Psychiatry 145: 944-949.
  38. Haber S, Finklestein SD, Benowitz LI, Sladek JR, Collier TJ (1988) Matrigel enhances survival and integration of grafted dopamine neurons into the striatum. Prog Brain Res 78:427-433.
  39. Benowitz LI, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Finklestein SP, Bird ED (1989) Localization of the growth-associated phosphoprotein GAP-43 in the human cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 9: 990-995.
  40. Caday C, Apostolides P, Benowitz LI, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Finklestein SP (1989) Partial purification and characterization of a neurite-promoting factor secreted by the regenerating goldfish optic nerve. Molec Brain Res 5: 45-50.
  41. Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Benowitz LI, Finklestein SP, Apostolides PJ, Bizzozero OA (1989) Major acylated proteins in developing cortical neurons. J Neurochem 52: 1149-1152.
  42. Moya KL, Jhaveri S, Schneider GE, Benowitz, LI. (1989) Immunohistochemical localization of GAP-43 in the developing hamster retinofugal pathway. J Comp Neurol 288: 51-58.
  43. Benowitz LI, Rodriguez W, Paskevich P, Mufson E, Schenk D, Neve RL. (1989) Distribution of the amyloid precursor protein in the brains of normal and diseased subjects. Exper Neurol 106: 237-250.
  44. Erzurumlu RS, Jhaveri S, Moya KL, Benowitz LI. (1989) Peripheral nerve regeneration induces elevated expression of GAP-43 in the brainstem trigeminal complex of adult hamster. Brain Research 498: 135-139.
  45. Benowitz LI, Moya KL, Levine DN. (1990) Impaired verbal reasoning and constructional apraxia in subjects with right hemisphere damage. Neuropsychologia 28: 231-241.
  46. Woolf CJ, Reynolds ML, Molander C, O'Brien C, Lindsay RM and Benowitz LI. (1990) The growth-associated protein GAP-43 appears in rat dorsal root ganglion cells and in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord following peripheral nerve injury. Neuroscience 34: 465-478.
  47. Yankner BA, Benowitz LI, Villa-Komaroff L, Neve RL. (1990) Transfection of PC12 cells with the human GAP-43 gene: effects on neurite outgrowth and regeneration. Molec. Brain Res. 7: 39-44.
  48. Erzurumlu RS, Jhaveri S, Benowitz LI. (1990) Transient patterns of GAP-43 expression during formation of barrels in the rat somatosensory cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 292: 443-456.
  49. Benowitz LI, Rodriguez W, Neve RL. (1990) The pattern of GAP-43 immunostaining changes in the rat hippocampal formation during reactive synaptogenesis. Molec. Brain Res., 8: 17-23.
  50. Moya KL, Benowitz LI and Schneider GE. (1990) Abnormal retinal projections alter GAP-43 patterns in the diencephalon. Brain Res. 527: 259-265.
  51. DiFiglia M, Roberts R and Benowitz LI. (1990) Immunoreactive GAP-43 in adult rat caudate neuropil: localization in unmyelinated fibers, axon terminals, and dendritic spines. J. Comp. Neurol. 302: 992-1001.
  52. Dani JW, Armstrong DM and Benowitz LI. (1991) Mapping the development of the rat brain by GAP-43 immunocytochemistry. Neuroscience 40: 277-288.
  53. Fitzgerald M, Reynolds ML and Benowitz LI (1991) GAP-43 expression in the developing rat lumbar spinal cord. Neuroscience 41: 187-199.
  54. Reynolds ML, Fitzgerald M and Benowitz LI (1991) GAP-43 expression in developing cutaneous and muscle nerves in the rat hindlimb. Neuroscience 41: 201-211.
  55. Shea TB, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Beermann ML and Benowitz LI (1991) Phospholipid-mediated delivery of anti-GAP-43 antibodies into neuroblastoma cells prevents neuritogenesis. J. Neurosci. 11: 1685-1690.
  56. Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Neve RL, Irwin N, Lewis, S, Fischer I and Benowitz, LI (1991) Post-transcriptional regulation of GAP-43 mRNA levels during neuronal differentiation and nerve regeneration. Molec. Cell. Neurosci. 2: 402-409.
  57. Dunn-Meynell AA, Benowitz LI and Levin BE (1992) Vibrissectomy-induced changes in GAP-43 immunoreactivity in the adult rat barrel cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 315: 160-170.
  58. Moya KL, Benowitz LI, Sabel BA and Schneider GE (1992) Changes in rapidly transported proteins associated with development of abnormal projections in the diencephalon. Brain Res. 566: 265-272.
  59. Gossels JR, Lewis SE, Perrone-Bizzozero NI and Benowitz LI (1992) Changes in chromatin proteins during optic nerve regeneration in the goldfish. J. Neurosci. Res. 33: 112-121.
  60. Woolf CJ, Reynolds ML, Chong MS, Emson P, Irwin N and Benowitz LI (1992) Denervation of the motor endplate results in the rapid expression by terminal Schwann cells of the growth-associated protein GAP-43. J. Neurosci.12: 3999-4010.
  61. Winter J, Evison CJ, O'Brien C, Benowitz LI, Lindsay RM, Mulderry P and Woolf CJ (1992) Neurotoxic damage evokes regenerative responses from adult rat sensory neurones. Neurosci. Lett. 146: 48 - 52.
  62. Kinney H.C., Rava L.A. and Benowitz L.I. (1993) Anatomic distribution of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 in the developing human brainstem. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52: 91-135.
  63. Schaechter JD and Benowitz LI (1993) Activation of protein kinase C by arachidonic acid selectively enhances the phosphorylation of GAP-43 in nerve terminal membranes. J. Neurosci. 13: 4361-4371.
  64. Devinsky O, Bear D, Moya, K and Benowitz L (1993) Perception of emotion in patients with Tourette's Syndrome. J. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology 6: 166-169.
  65. Moya KL, Benowitz LI, Schneider GE and Allinquant B (1994) The amyloid precursor protein is developmentally regulated and correlated with synaptogenesis. Dev. Biol. 161: 597-603.
  66. Paden CM, Moffett CW and Benowitz LI (1994) Innervation of the rat anterior and neurointermediate pituitary visualized by immunocytochemistry for the growth associated protein GAP-43. Endocrinology 134: 503-506.
  67. Chong MS, Reynolds ML, Irwin N, Coggeshall RE, Emson P, Benowitz LI and Woolf CJ (1994) GAP-43 expression in primary sensory neurons following central axotomy. J. Neuroscience, 14: 4375-4384.
  68. Meyer RL, Miotke JA and Benowitz LI (1995) Injury induced expression of GAP-43 in adult mouse retinal ganglion cells in vitro. Neuroscience 63: 591-602.
  69. Shea TB and Benowitz LI (1995) Inhibition of neurite outgrowth following intracellular delivery of anti-GAP-43 antibodies depends upon culture conditions and method of neurite induction. J Neurosci. Res. 41: 347-354.
  70. Schwalb JM, Boulis NM, Gu M-f, Winickoff J, Jackson PS, Irwin N and Benowitz LI (1995) Two factors secreted by the goldfish optic nerve induce retinal ganglion cells to regenerate axons in culture. J. Neuroscience 15: 5414-5525.
  71. Lu CR, Meng FT, Benowitz LI and Ju G. (1995) Evidence for axonal sprouting in the anterior pituitary following adrenalectomy in the rat. J. Endocr. 147: 161-167.
  72. Schwalb JM, Gu M-f, Stuermer CAO, Bastmeyer M, Hu G-f, Boulis NM, Irwin N and Benowitz LI (1996) Optic nerve glia secrete a low molecular weight factor that stimulates retinal ganglion cells to regenerate axons in goldfish. Neuroscience 72: 901-910.
  73. Chao S, Benowitz LI, Krainc D and Irwin N (1996) Use of a two-hybrid system to identify the molecular interactions of GAP-43. Molec. Brain Res. 40: 195-202.
  74. Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Sower A, Bird ED, Benowitz LI, Ivins KJ and Neve RL (1996) Levels of the growth associated protein GAP-43 are selectively increased in association cortices in schizophrenia. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 14182-14187.
  75. Benowitz LI and Routtenberg A. (1997) GAP-43: an intrinsic determinant of neural development and synaptic plasticity.Trends Neurosci., 20: 84-91.
  76. Irwin N., Baekelandt V.L., Goritchenko L. and Benowitz L.I. (1997) Identification of two proteins that bind to a pyrimidine-rich sequence in the 3' untranslated region of GAP-43 mRNA. Nucl. Acids Res., 25: 1281-1288.
  77. Kawamata T., Dietrich D., Schallert, T., Gotts, J., Cocke R., Benowitz L.I. and Finklestein, S. (1997) Intracisternal basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) enhances functional recovery and upregulates the expression of a molecular marker of neuronal sprouting following focal cerebral infarction in the rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA.94: 8179-8184.
  78. Jo S.A., Wang E. and Benowitz L.I. (1998) CNTF is as an endogenous axogenic factor for mammalian retinal ganglion cells. Neuroscience 89: 579-591.
  79. Benowitz LI, Jing Y, Tabibiazar R, Rosenberg PA, Jo S, Petrausch B, Stuermer C and Irwin N (1998) Axonal regeneration is regulated by an intracellular purine-sensitive mechanism in retinal ganglion cells. J. Biol. Chem., 273: 29626-29634
  80. Madsen J.R., MacDonald P., Irwin N., Goldberg D.E., Rimm I.J., Stieg P.E. and Benowitz L.I. (1998) Tacrolimus (FK-506) improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. Exper. Neurol. 154: 673-683.
  81. Benowitz LI, Goldberg D, Madsen JR, Soni D and Irwin N (1999) Inosine stimulates extensive axon collateral growth in the rat corticospinal tract after injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 96: 13486-13490.
  82. Irwin N, Chao S, Goritchenko L, Horiuchi A, Nairn AC and Benowitz LI. NGF regulates GAP-43 mRNA stability via ARPP-19. Submitted.
  83. Leon S, Yin Y, Nguyen J, Irwin N and Benowitz LI. Lens injury stimulates extensive axon regeneration in the mature rat optic nerve. Submitted.
  84. Kim HA, Pomeroy SL, Whoriskey W, Pawlitzky I, Benowitz LI, Sicinski P, Stiles CD and Roberts TM. A developmentally regulated switch directs regenerative growth of Schwann cells through cyclin D1. Neuron, in press.

In Preparation:

  1. Petrausch B, Tabibiazar R, Jing Y, Irwin N, Stuermer CAO and Benowitz LI. The expression of GAP-43 and other growth associated proteins is mediated through a purine-sensitive mechanism in goldfish retinal ganglion cells.
  2. Irwin N, Tabibiazar R, Goldberg D, Soni D and Benowitz LI. A low molecular weight factor derived from Schwann cells induces axon growth in the rat CNS (tentative title and author list)

Review Chapters:

  1. Benowitz LI (1980) Functional organization of the avian telencephalon. In: Ebbesson SOE, ed. Comparative neurology of the telencephalon. New York: Plenum Publishing Co, pp. 389-421.
  2. Benowitz LI (1980) Cerebral lateralization in the perception of nonverbal emotional cues. McLean Hospital Journal v:146-167.
  3. Benowitz LI, Bear DM, Mesulam M-M, Rosenthal R, Zaidel E, Sperry RW (1984) Contributions of the right cerebral hemisphere in perceiving paralinguistic cues of emotion. In: Vaina L, Hintikka J, eds. Cognitive Constraints on Communication: Representations and Processes. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel, pp. 75-95.
  4. Benowitz LI (1984) Target-dependent and target-independent changes in rapid axonal transport during regeneration of the goldfish retinotectal pathway. In: Elam J, Cancalon P, eds. Advances in Neurochemistry: Axonal Transport in Neuronal Growth and Maturation (Agranoff BW, Aprison S, series editors). New York: Plenum Publishing Co, pp. 145-169.
  5. Rosenthal R, Benowitz LI (1985) Psychopathology, brain damage, and nonverbal communication. In: Blanck P, Rosenthal R, Buck R, eds. Nonverbal Communication in the Clinical Context. Pennsylvania State University Press.
  6. Benowitz LI (1987) Protein synthesis and rapid axonal transport in developing and regenerating neurons. In: R Smith & M Bisby, eds, Axonal Regeneration. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 385-406.
  7. Benowitz LI, Perrone-Bizzozero NI (1989) Neuronal growth-associated proteins. In: Adelman G, ed. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Birkhauser, Boston, pp 118-120.
  8. Benowitz LI, Finklestein S, Levine DN, Moya K (1989) The role of the right cerebral hemisphere in evaluating configurations. In: Trevarthen CB, ed. Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind: Essays in Honor of Roger W. Sperry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 319-332.
  9. Benowitz LI, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Neve RL, Rodriguez W (1990) GAP-43 as a marker for structural plasticity in the mature CNS. In: P. Coleman, G. Higgins and C. Phelps, eds. Progress in Brain Research, vol. 86. Elsevier Publishing Company, pp. 309-320.
  10. Neve RL, Dawes LR, Yankner BA, Benowitz LI, Rodriguez W (1990) Genetics and Biology of the Alzheimer Amyloid Precursor. In: P. Coleman, G. Higgins and C. Phelps, eds. Progress in Brain Research, vol. 86. Elsevier Publishing Company, pp. 257-267.
  11. Benowitz LI and Perrone-Bizzozero NI (1991) The relationship of GAP-43 to the development and plasticity of synaptic connections. In: JR Wolpaw, JT Schmidt and TM Vaughan, eds., Activity-Driven CNS Changes in Learning and Development. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 627. New York Academy of Sciences, pp.58-74.
  12. Benowitz LI and Perrone-Bizzozero NI (1991) The Expression of GAP-43 in Relation to Neuronal Growth and Plasticity: When, Where, How, and Why?. In: W.H. Gispen and A. Routtenberg (Eds.) Progress in Brain Research, v. 89, Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V., Amsterdam, pp. 69-87.
  13. Neve RL, Ivins KJ, Benowitz LI, During MJ and Geller AI (1992) Molecular analysis of the function of the neuronal growth-associated protein GAP-43 by genetic intervention. Molec. Neurobiol. 5: 131-141.
  14. Benowitz LI, Tabibiazar R, Leon S, Jing Y and Irwin N (1999) Axon regeneration in the primary visual pathway of goldfish and rat. In: N. Ingoglia and M. Murray, eds., Regeneration in the Central Nervous System. Marcel Dekker, New York. In press.

Abstracts:

  1. Benowitz LI, Karten HJ (1975) Organization of the tectofugal visual pathway in pigeon. Abstract, 5th Annual Meeting, Society for Neuroscience.
  2. Benowitz LI, Shashoua VE (1976) Immunohistochemical localization of a brain protein metabolically linked with behavioral adaptation in goldfish. Abstract, 6th Annual Meeting, Society for Neuroscience.
  3. Benowitz LI, Padda K (1981) Molecular changes in regenerating retinotectal nerve terminals. Neurosci Abstr 7: 678.
  4. Benowitz LI, Lewis ER (1982) De novo appearance of an acidic 46K protein in regenerating optic nerves. Trans Am Soc Neurochem 13: 237.
  5. Benowitz LI, Bear DM, Finklestein SP, Moya KL, Zaidel E. Emotional perceptions and the right hemisphere. Abstracts, 1982 Annual Meeting, American Psychiatric Association (invited paper).
  6. Benowitz LI, Lewis ER (1983) Properties of proteins associated with optic nerve regeneration in the goldfish. Neurosci Abstr 9: 696.
  7. Yoon MG, Benowitz LI, Lewis ER, Baker FA (1983) Tectal regulation of protein transport in regenerating goldfish optic fibers. Neurosci Abstr 9: 944.
  8. Moya KL, Benowitz LI, Levine DM (1983) Cognitive deficits associated with right hemisphere damage. Neurosci Abstr 9: 918.
  9. Lewis ER, Gilbert JM, Benowitz LI, Strocchi P (1983) The cellular origin and biosynthesis of rat optic nerve proteins. Neurosci Abstr 9: 148.
  10. Benowitz LI, Levine DN, Moya KL, Finklestein S (1984) Impaired comprehension of story structure after right hemisphere damage and its relation to constructional apraxia. Neurology 34 (Suppl 1):190.
  11. Benowitz LI, Moya KL (1984) Phosphoproteins of the goldfish tectum during optic nerve regeneration. Neurosci Abstr 10: 1030.
  12. Moya KL, Benowitz LI, Levine DM, Horner MD (1984) Comprehension of verbal narrative and visuospatial abilities after right hemisphere damage. Neurosci Abstr 10: 522.
  13. Moya KL, Benowitz LI, Horner MD, Levine DN (1984) Story comprehension deficits after right hemisphere damage: An analysis of story structure. Presented at the Seventh European Conference of the International Neuropsychological Society, June, 1984.
  14. Lundgren KM, Moya KL, Benowitz LI (1984) The perception of nonverbal cues after right hemisphere damage. Presented at the Seventh European Conference of the International Neuropsychological Society, June, 1984.
  15. Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Benowitz LI (1985) Post-translational modification of the 48 kD growth-associated protein in the regenerating goldfish retina. Neurosci Abstr 11: 419.
  16. Finklestein SP, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Benowitz LI (1985) Proteins associated with growth of rat hindbrain neurons in vitro. Neurosci Abstr 11: 763.
  17. Moya KL, Jhaveri S, Schneider GE, Benowitz LI (1985) Protein synthesis in the retina and rapid protein transport in the developing hamster visual pathway. Neurosci Abstr 11: 223.
  18. Finklestein S, Benowitz LI, Perrone-Bizzozero N, Olson A (1986) Factors from the regenerating lower vertebrate CNS promote neurite outgrowth from mammalian neurons in vitro. Neurology 36(Suppl 1): 144.
  19. Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Finklestein S, Benowitz LI (1986) The acidic 48 kD growth-associated proteins of the regenerating goldfish optic pathway and of embryonic rat cortical neurons are both related to the presynaptic membrane phosphoprotein B-50. Neuroscience Abstracts 12: 501.
  20. Moya KL, Sabel BA, Benowitz LI, Schneider GE (1986) Abnormal retinofugal projections to diencephalon are associated with changes in proteins of fast axonal transport. Neuroscience Abstracts 12: 513.
  21. Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Finklestein SP, Benowitz LI (1987) Expression of GAP/B-50 in neuronal cultures and its distribution in adult rat brain. J Neurochem 48 (Suppl.): S57.
  22. Neve RL, Finklestein SP, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Bird ED, Benowitz LI (1987) Expression of the neuronal growth-associated protein GAP/B-50 in the mammalian CNS. Neurology 37 (Suppl 1): 360.
  23. Benowitz LI, Apostolides PJ, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Zwiers H, Finklestein SP (1987) Localization of GAP-43 (B-50) in the rat brain. Neuroscience Abstracts 13: 1597.
  24. Neve RL, Benowitz LI, Finch E, Finklestein SP, Bird E (1987) The gene encoding the growth associated protein GAP-43 is expressed selectively in neurons of the human associative neocortex. Neuroscience Abstracts 13: 1598.
  25. Finch E, Neve RL, Tanzi R, Bird E, Benowitz LI (1987) Distribution of neurons expressing the ß-amyloid gene in the human brain. Neuroscience Abstracts 13: 1153.
  26. Moya KL, Jhaveri S, Benowitz LI, Schneider GE (1987) Immunohistochemical localization of a major growth-associated protein in the developing hamster visual system. Neuroscience Abstracts 13: 1479.
  27. Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Apostolides PJ, Finklestein SP, Benowitz LI, Bizzozero O (1987) Protein fatty acid acylation in neuronal cell cultures. Neuroscience Abstracts 13: 1478.
  28. Caday C, Apostolides PJ, Benowitz LI, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Finklestein SP (1987) Partial purification and characterization of a neurite-promoting factor from the regenerating goldfish optic nerve. Neuroscience Abstracts 13: 1611.
  29. Benowitz L, Neve R, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Bird ED (1988) Localization of the growth associated protein, GAP 43, and its MRNA in the human brain. Molecular Neurobiology: Proceedings of the first NIMH Conference, S. Zalcman and R. Scheller, eds., p.323. NIMH.
  30. Benowitz LI, Rodriguez WR, White WF, Neve RL (1988) Synaptic plasticity in the mature CNS involves increased levels of GAP-43. Neuroscience Abstracts 14: 478.
  31. Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Weiner D, Winickoff J, Benowitz LI (1988) Immunocytochemical localization of the growth-associated protein, GAP-43, in the human cerebral cortex. Neuroscience Abstracts 14: 478.
  32. Rodriguez WR, Neve RL, Schenk D, Davis D, Benowitz LI (1988) Expression of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein in the brain. Neuroscience Abstracts 14: 637.
  33. Adams CE, Benowitz LI, Finger TE (1988) Tyrosine hydroxylase and GAP-43-like immunoreactivities in the developing nigrostriatal and mesocortical systems. Neuroscience Abstracts 14: 1126.
  34. Moya KL, Carman L, Benowitz LI, Schneider GE (1988) Abnormally projecting retinal axons displace GAP-43 positive terminals in the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. Neuroscience Abstracts 14: 1111.
  35. Dani JW, Gage FH, Benowitz LI, Armstrong DM (1988) Immunocytochemical localization of GAP-43 in the developing rat brain. Neuroscience Abstracts 14: 1125.
  36. Andruschak K, Benowitz LI, Moya KL, Haber SN (1988) The distribution of GAP-43 in the monkey brain. Neuroscience Abstracts 14: 1295.
  37. Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Franck ER, Neve RL, Gossels JM, Benowitz LI (1988) Expression of GAP-43 in the regenerating optic pathway. J Neurochem.
  38. Kinney HC, Rava LA, Benowitz LI (1989) Anatomic distribution of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 in the developing human brainstem. J Neuropathol and Expt'l Neurol.
  39. Benowitz LI, Molander C, Reynolds M, Woolf CJ (1989) GAP 43 appears in the rat dorsal horn following peripheral nerve injury. J Physiol.
  40. Benowitz LI, Fitzgerald M, Reynolds M, Woolf CJ (1989) GAP-43 expression in the developing spinal cord and peripheral nervous system of the rat. J Physiol.
  41. Woolf CJ, Reynolds ML, Molander C, Benowitz L (1989) Peripheral nerve injury or axon transport block results in the apperarance of GAP-43 in the central terminals of primary sensory neurons. Abstract of paper to be presented at the Satellite Symposium of the XXXI International Congress of Physiological Sciences on Regulators of Peripheral Nerve Regeneration, July 6-8, Ystad, Sweden.
  42. O'Brien C, Lindsay RM, Woolf CJ, Benowitz L (1989) GAP-43 immunoreactivity in adult rat dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells in vitro. Presented at the Satellite Symposium of the XXXI International Congress of Physiological Sciences on Regulators of Peripheral Nerve Regeneration, July 6-8, Ystad, Sweden.
  43. Perrone-Bizzozero, N.I., Franck, E.R., Gossels, J.M., Neve, R.L., and Benowitz, L.I. (1989) Regulation and sequence of goldfish GAP-43, a protein involved in axonal growth and regeneration. Presented at the Satellite Symposium of the XXXI International Congress of Physiological Sciences on Regulators of Peripheral Nerve Regeneration, July 6-8, Ystad, Sweden.
  44. Gossels, J.M., Lewis, S.E., Perrone-Bizzozero, N.I. and Benowitz, L.I. (1989) Changes in the synthesis of chromatin proteins during goldfish optic nerve regeneration. Neuroscience Abstracts 15: 318.
  45. Perrone-Bizzozero, N.I., Neve, R.L. Franck, E., Gossels, J. and Benowitz, L.I. (1989) Regulation and sequence of the goldfish GAP-43 protein. Neuroscience Abstracts 15: 319.
  46. Shults, C.W., Armstrong, D.M and Benowitz, L.I. (1989) Distribution of GAP-43 in relation to development of the rat mesencephalic dopaminergic system. Neuroscience Abstracts 15: 574.
  47. Burry, R.W., Hayes, D., Perrone-Bizzozero, N.I., Benowitz, L.I. and Lah, J.J. (1989) GAP-43 immunocytochemical distribution in developing cultured neurites and growth cones. Neuroscience Abstracts 15: 574.
  48. Benowitz, L.I., Rodriguez, W.R., Prusky, G.T. and Cynader, M.S. (1989) GAP-43 levels in cat striate cortex peak at the height of the critical period. Neuroscience Abstracts 15: 796.
  49. DiFiglia, M., Roberts, R.C. and Benowitz, L.I. (1989) Ultrastructural localization of immunoreactive GAP-43 in the adult rat caudate nucleus. Neuroscience Abstracts 15: 910.
  50. Wood, K, Benowitz, L., Dunn-Meynell, A. and Levin, B. (1989) Vibrissectomy causes transient changes in GAP-43 immunoreactivity in the adult rat barrel cortex. Neuroscience Abstracts 15: 1053.
  51. Erzurumlu, R.S., Jhaveri, S. and Benowitz, L.I. (1989) Transient expression of GAP-43 in the developing rat barrel field cortex. Neuroscience Abstracts 15: 1054.
  52. Miotke, J., Meyer, R.L. and Benowitz, L.I. (1989) GAP-43 expression in regenerating adult optic fibers in vitro. Neuroscience Abstracts 15: 1224.
  53. Benowitz LI, O'Brien C, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Irwin N and Woolf CJ (1990) The expression of GAP-43 mRNA is regulated by an axonally-transported factor. Neuroscience Abstracts 16: 338.
  54. Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Irwin N, Lewis SE, Fischer I, Neve RL and Benowitz LI (1990) Posttranscriptional regulation of GAP-43 mRNA levels during process outgrowth. Neuroscience Abstracts 16: 814.
  55. Irwin N, Perrone-Bizzozero NI and Benowitz LI (1991) GAP-43 mRNA binding proteins related to neural differentiation. Neuroscience Abstracts 17: 1310.
  56. Schaechter JD and Benowitz LI (1991) Interactions between arachidonic acid and Ca2+ in the phosphorylation of GAP-43 (F1, B-50). Neuroscience Abstracts 17: 1157.
  57. Aoki C, Benowitz LI, Wu K and Siekevitz P (1991) Go-protein and GAP-43 are concentrated within axon terminals of adult rat visual cortex that form asymmetric synaptic junctions. Neuroscience Abstracts 17: 249.
  58. Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Benowitz LI, Bird ED, Lewis SE, Boling L, Holtzman P, Mattyhsse S and Rogers SL (1991) Increased phosphorylation of GAP-43 and other synaptic proteins in schizophrenic brains. Neuroscience Abstracts 17: 1455.
  59. Shea TB, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Beermann ML and Benowitz LI (1991) Intracellular GAP-43 antibodies arrest axonal outgrowth. Trans Am Soc Neurochem 22: 228.
  60. Madsen JR, Weisfeiler O, and Benowitz LI (1993) Neurite outgrowth and GAP-43 expression: effects of glial substrate and of monoclonal antibodies directed against glial cell surface proteins. Neurosci. Abstr. 19: 626.
  61. Moya KL, Benowitz LI, Schneider GE and Alliquant B (1993) The amyloid precursor protein is developmentally regulated and associated with axonal growth and synaptogenesis. Neurosci. Abstr. 19: 620.
  62. Irwin NA, Baekelandt V, Gu M-F and Benowitz LI (1993) RNA-protein interactions that may contribute to post-transcriptional regulation of GAP-43 expression. Neurosci. Abstr. 19: 878
  63. Jackson PS, Harris KM and Benowitz LI (1993) GTPgS blocks release of glutamate at rat hippocampal synapses in culture.Neurosci. Abstr. 19: 1520.
  64. Boulis N, Winickoff J, Irwin NA, Gu M-F, Chen D-F, Zanjani H, Schneider GE and Benowitz LI (1993) Endogenous trophic factors involved in the regeneration of the goldfish optic nerve. Neurosci. Abstr. 19: 55.
  65. Benowitz LI (1994) GAP-43 in relation to development and plasticity. Trans. Amer. Soc. Neurochem. 25: 225.
  66. Irwin N, Trujillo R and Benowitz LI (1994) Antibodies to gp120 cross-react with the mitochondrial ATP synthase and with a second novel protein. Presented at the Conference on the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection of the Brain: Impact on Function and Behavior, MacLean, VA, April 4-7, 1994.
  67. Irwin N, Baekelandt V and Benowitz LI (1994) Characterization of RNA-binding proteins that may be involved in regulating GAP-43 expression. Neuroscience Abstracts 20: 660.
  68. Chao S, Benowitz LI, Krainc D, Black P and Irwin N (1994) Use of a two-hybrid system to identify proteins that interact with GAP-43. Neuroscience Abstracts 20: 659.
  69. Madsen JR, Weisfeiler O, Greenspan A and Benowitz LI (1994) Conditioned media from a transformed glia-like cell line enhances neurite outgrowth and GAP-43 expression. Neuroscience Abstracts 20: 1687.
  70. Dechet C.B., Weller S.J., Benowitz L.I. and Rossitch E. Jr. (1994) Neurological outcome in a highly reproducible model of secondary spinal cord injury in the rat: neuroprotective effects of tirilazide. Neuroscience Abstracts 20: 418.
  71. Schwalb J, Boulis N, Gu M-F, Irwin N and Benowitz LI (1994) Characterization of two endogenous trophic factors involved in regeneration of the goldfish optic nerve. Neurosci. Abstr. 20: 1325.
  72. Weller S., Dechet C.B., Benowitz L.I., and Rossitch E.R. (1994) Tirilazide, a novel 21-aminosteroid, imporves neurological outcome in an experimental model of secondary spinal cord injury. J. Neurosurg., in press
  73. Levine J., Weller S.J., Jachna B., Benowitz L.I. and Stieg P.E. (1994) Time course and localization of GAP-43 expression in the rat brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion. J. Neurosurg., in press.
  74. Madsen J.R., Irwin N., Weisfeiler O., and Benowitz L.I. (1995) Dissociation of GAP-43 expression from neurite outgrowth: differential effects of conditioned media from glial lines. Neurosci. Abstr. 21, 14.
  75. Schwalb J.M. , Gu M.-F., Stuermer C.A.O., Bastmeyer M., Yoon C.H., Jachna B.R., Boulis N., Irwin N. and Benowitz L.I. (1995) Factors that induce axonal regeneration in goldfish retinal ganglion cells derive from defined glial populations and act independently of priming lesions. Neurosci. Abstr. 21, 309.
  76. Madsen J.R., MacDonald P., Irwin N. and Benowitz L.I. (1996) FK-506 improves behavioral recovery and increases neuronal expression of GAP-43 after spinal cord injury in rats. Neurosci. Abstr. 22: 264.
  77. Irwin N., Goritchenko L., Horiuchi A.C., Nairn A., Greengard P., Levine E. and Benowitz L.I. An RNA-binding protein implicated in regulating GAP-43 expression. Neurosci. Abstr. 22: 1710.
  78. Stieg, P.E., Torron J., Irwin C., Levine J. and Benowitz L.I. Increased levels of GAP-43 in thalmic nuclei contralateral to injured cortex: potential basis for functional compensation. . Neurosci. Abstr. 22: 1931.
  79. Madsen J.R., MacDonald P., and Benowitz L.I. (1996) FK 506 improvement in recovery after spinal cord injury: possible role of GAP-43 expression in calcineurin effect. Res. Soc. Neurol. Surgeons (Presented at meeting).
  80. Madsen J.R., MacDonald P., Sankappanavar G. and Benowitz L.I. (1996) FK 506 improves recovery after spinal cord injury: immunophilins as a new therapeutic target. Annual meeting of the AANS, open scientific session.
  81. Jo S.A., Wang E.Y. and Benowitz L.I. (1997) CNTF promotes regenerative outgrowth from mammalian retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurochem. 69: S141C.
  82. Benowitz L.I., Tabibiazar R., Petrausch B., Wang E.Y., Jing Y., Leppert C.A., Laessing U., Stuermer C.A.O. and Irwin N. (1997) AF-1, an endogenous trigger for axonal regeneration, is potentiated by two polypeptides and stimulates GAP-43 expression in goldfish retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurochem. 69: S141B
  83. Irwin N., Mansourian S., Chao S., Goritchenko L., and Benowitz L.I. (1997) Induction of GAP-43 expression in PC-12 cells: regulation of mRNA stability via a Ras-ARPP connection. J. Neurochem. 69: S28C.
  84. Benowitz L.I., Jing Y., Tabibiazar R., Wang E., Yao G.L., Rosenberg P.A. and Irwin N. (1997) Inosine stimulates axonal regeneration from goldfish retinal ganglion cells. Neurosci. Abstr. 23: 1708.
  85. Jo S., Wang E. and Benowitz L.I. (1997) CNTF is an endogenous axon regeneration factor for mammalian retinal ganglion cells. Neurosci. Abstr. 23: 1723.
  86. Tabibiazar R., Irwin N., Petrausch B., Torron J., Jing Y., Stuermer C.A.O. and Benowitz L.I. (1997) Axogenesis factor-3, secreted by goldfish optic nerve, induces axonal regeneration in lower vertebrate and mammalian neurons. Neurosci. Abstr. 23: 1448.
  87. Irwin N., Mansourian S., Goritchenko L. and Benowitz L.I. (1997) NGF regulates the binding of ARPP-19 to GAP-43 mRNA through ras. Neurosci. Abstr. 23: 610.
  88. Madsen J.R., MacDonald P., Irwin N., Yao G.L., Meiri K. and Benowitz L.I. (1997) Tacrolimus (FK-506) increases neuronal expression of GAP-43 mRNA in parallel to enhanced recovery after spinal cord injury. Neurosci. Abstr. 23: 1129.
  89. Su G.W., Benowitz L.I., Schneider G.E. (1997) Evidence for denervation-induced sprouting of GAP-43-containing interneurons of the LP in mature hamsters. Neurosci. Abstr. 23: 230.
  90. Kawamata T., Schallert, T., Dietrich D., Benowitz L.I. Gotts, J.E., Cocke R., and Finklestein, S. Intracisternal basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) enhances functional recovery and upregulates the expression of a molecular marker of neuronal sprouting following focal cerebral infarction.
  91. Benowitz LI, Jing Y, O'Toole J and Irwin N (1998) Signal transduction pathways underlying axon regeneration in goldfish retinal ganglion cells. Neurosci. Abstr. 24: 66.
  92. Benowitz LI (1998) Axon outgrowth and GAP-43 expression in retinal ganglion cells: growth factors and signal transduction. Abstracts, European Society for Neurochemistry.
  93. Benowitz LI (1998) Growth factors and transduction pathways mediating axon outgrowth in goldfish retinal ganglion cells. Abstracts, International Society for Developmental Neuroscienc
  94. L.I. Benowitz, S. Leon, Y. Yin, J. Nguyen and N. Irwin (1999) Retinal ganglion cells regenerate axons into the injured optic nerve in mature rats. Neurosci. Abstr. 25: 498.
  95. N. Irwin, G.-d. Li, A. Taghinia and L.I. Benowitz (1999) ARPP-19 mediates the post-transcriptional regulation of GAP-43 expression in PC-12 cells. Neurosci. Abstr. 25: 2287.

Books Reviewed:

  1. Benowitz LI (1977) Neuronal mechanisms of the orienting reflex, Sokolov EN, Vinogradova OS. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Reviewed in Quart Rev Biol 52:177.
  2. Benowitz LI. Neuropsychology of human emotion (Heilman K, Satz P, eds). Guilford Press, New York. N Eng Jl Med, 1984.

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